Observer

大约 3 分钟

Also known as

又被称为

家属，发布订阅模式

目的

定义一种一对多的对象依赖关系这样当一个对象改变状态时，所有依赖它的对象都将自动通知或更新。

解释

真实世界例子

在遥远的土地上生活着霍比特人和兽人的种族。他们都是户外生活的人所以他们密切关注天气的变化。可以说他们不断地关注着天气。

通俗的说

注册成为一个观察者以接收对象状态的改变。

维基百科说

观察者模式是这样的一种软件设计模式：它有一个被称为主题的对象，维护着一个所有依赖于它的依赖者清单，也就是观察者清单，当主题的状态发生改变时，主题通常会调用观察者的方法来自动通知观察者们。

编程示例

让我们先来介绍天气观察者的接口以及我们的种族，兽人和霍比特人。

public interface WeatherObserver {

  void update(WeatherType currentWeather);
}

@Slf4j
public class Orcs implements WeatherObserver {

  @Override
  public void update(WeatherType currentWeather) {
    LOGGER.info("The orcs are facing " + currentWeather.getDescription() + " weather now");
  }
}

@Slf4j
public class Hobbits implements WeatherObserver {

  @Override
  public void update(WeatherType currentWeather) {
    switch (currentWeather) {
      LOGGER.info("The hobbits are facing " + currentWeather.getDescription() + " weather now");
  }
}

然后这里是不断变化的天气。

@Slf4j
public class Weather {

  private WeatherType currentWeather;
  private final List<WeatherObserver> observers;

  public Weather() {
    observers = new ArrayList<>();
    currentWeather = WeatherType.SUNNY;
  }

  public void addObserver(WeatherObserver obs) {
    observers.add(obs);
  }

  public void removeObserver(WeatherObserver obs) {
    observers.remove(obs);
  }

  /**
   * Makes time pass for weather.
   */
  public void timePasses() {
    var enumValues = WeatherType.values();
    currentWeather = enumValues[(currentWeather.ordinal() + 1) % enumValues.length];
    LOGGER.info("The weather changed to {}.", currentWeather);
    notifyObservers();
  }

  private void notifyObservers() {
    for (var obs : observers) {
      obs.update(currentWeather);
    }
  }
}

这是完整的示例。

    var weather = new Weather();
    weather.addObserver(new Orcs());
    weather.addObserver(new Hobbits());

    weather.timePasses();
    // The weather changed to rainy.
    // The orcs are facing rainy weather now
    // The hobbits are facing rainy weather now
    weather.timePasses();
    // The weather changed to windy.
    // The orcs are facing windy weather now
    // The hobbits are facing windy weather now
    weather.timePasses();
    // The weather changed to cold.
    // The orcs are facing cold weather now
    // The hobbits are facing cold weather now
    weather.timePasses();
    // The weather changed to sunny.
    // The orcs are facing sunny weather now
    // The hobbits are facing sunny weather now